what caused turkish to migrate to germany in 1945
This is part of our special characteristicGoverning the Migration Crisis.
Reading the headlines in the summer of 2015, one might call up that migration was a wholly new challenge for Europeans and specifically for Germans. Many of the contributors to this volume are explicit most their desire to intervene in this political culture of historical amnesia and in doing so contribute to what editor Cornelia Wilhelm identifies as "a new, more inclusive agreement of Germanness and of Germany'south role as a destination for immigrants" (five). Although the essays range beyond a wide multifariousness of topics, there are consequent attempts to place developments in West Frg in a comparative and European framework.
The first section ranges widely beyond post-1945 migrant groups. Martin Schulze Wessel describes changing interpretations of the expulsion of ethnic Germans, raising questions virtually the possibility for a shared retentiveness of expulsions between Deutschland and the "expeller states," including Poland, the Czech Democracy, and Slovakia. He makes a strong argument for conscientious historicization, concluding that "the more precise the commemoration of expulsions becomes… the college the chances are for a mutual European retentiveness of World War 2" (26). Anna Holian contributes a thoughtful essay on the history of Displaced Persons in the Federal Republic of Germany, making a strong case for the integration of DP history into migration history. Asiye Kaya's essay on "the politics of labeling" compares "integration" policies towards dissimilar immigrant groups, highlighting the way that state policies and attitudes towards groups effect migrant inclusion in the polity.
As the final essay in this section, Patrice Poutrus' "Refugee Reports" volition bear witness especially useful to readers looking to amend understand the current "refugee crisis." He investigates the historical contrast between Federal republic of germany's seemingly liberal guarantee to aviary and the way that the guarantee has been applied in do. His case study of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution shows that the summer of 2015 was non the first time that German language civil gild welcomed refugees. Nevertheless, refugee admissions have too repeatedly provoked stiff negative reactions, and Due west Germany "never ceased to fearfulness that the admission of refugees would disturb its internal stability and endanger the newly won credibility that it enjoyed" (93). This dynamic of credence and rejection has continued into the present, as the Wilkommenskultur of summertime 2015 has been overshadowed by heated debates well-nigh whether Federal republic of germany should cap refugee admissions or ban family reunion for recognized refugees.
The second section is dedicated to commemoration, with essays about the representation of migration in history textbooks, history museums, and archival collections. Simone Lässig finds that although migration was marginal in textbooks for a long period, textbooks have followed bookish scholarship and increasingly included positive portrayals of migration since the 1980s. Dietmar Osses and Katarzyna Nogueira compare the way that museums care for migration in Germany with France, where there has been a National Museum of Migration since 2007. Although Germany does not program a similar national museum, Osses and Nogueira point to "the boom of migration exhibitions on all levels" and "migration mainstreaming in museums" (168) as positive developments. Would-be curators and graduate students will observe Klaus Lankheit's contribution on "Archival Collections and the Study of Migration" invaluable, as he traces both extant collections and the ongoing work of archivists to preserve the history of migration, including projects such as the oral history project at the Nürnberg Municipal Archives and the collection, inquiry, and exhibition work of DOMID [Documentation Center and Museum of Migration in Germany] in Cologne.
The last essay in this section, Rita Chin's "Thinking Divergence in Postwar Germany: Some Epistemological Obstacles around 'Race,'" initially seems like an uneasy fit in this section, but it identifies an important obstacle to representing the past: the deliberate exclusion of "race" and "racism" as acceptable categories inside public soapbox. Chin argues that "the refusal of many scholars and policymakers to take the key function of race in the Federal Republic seriously has come at a high price." Mentum suggests that scholarship on "racial formation" and "racialization" that investigates race not equally a biological reality just as "a socially constructed, historically contingent category" can serve as a model for scholars seeking to understand "the myriad ways in which assumptions of essential difference naturalize… legal and social exclusion" (220-221).
The concluding section zeroes in on developments since German unification. Dietmar Schirmer argues that unification ended the "provisional" status of the FRG and immune for rapid modify around citizenship law and conceptions of the nation. Kathrin Bower creatively considers the encounter between Eastward and West Germans as some other manner in which Germans have had to grapple with diversity since 1989. Karen Körber contributes an illuminating essay on Jewish quota refugees since 1989, showing how a policy inspired by an ideal of symbolic atonement has clashed with the reality of immigrants with their ain understandings of what it means to exist Jewish in Deutschland. Finally, Annette Seidel-Arpaci'south essay argues that Holocaust education tends to understand immigrants erroneously as a group without previous relationships to the events of the 2nd World War. She highlights the fashion that blaming Muslim immigrants for "imported anti-Semitism" serves to occlude the means in which anti-Semitism continues in Federal republic of germany.
The wide variety of topics considered here represents the anthology'due south primary forcefulness but also arguably its weakness. The decision to bring multiple migrant groups into the same volume is a useful weigh to what Holian correctly calls "the fragmentation that plagues migration studies" (47), merely because relatively few essays compare migrant groups, the overall effect is one of juxtaposition rather than comparison. Particularly in the context of memory, it would as well have been useful to explore ways to narrate post-1945 migrations inside the context of much longer patterns of migration in German history. Might it exist fruitful to compare the treatment of asylum seekers since 1945 with the handling of Russians in 1917 or even the French in the German lands afterward 1789? In my own work, I've noticed that officials in the Federal Republic ofttimes understood Turkish labor migration through analogies to Smoothen labor migration in the interwar period—tin can such comparisons help to create a public civilization that treats migration as a normal office of German history?
The afterword, by Holger Kolb, is a shortened and translated version of a slice previously published in the 2016 Handbuch Staat und Migration in Germany seit dem 17. Jahrhundert edited by Jochen Oltmer. Kolb analyzes contempo changes in German language migration and integration policy, conveying forward one of the book's implicit arguments about fundamental change since 1990 to argue that unified Germany has become more "European" in its policies towards immigration. Although it is valuable to have an English language translation of this piece, the collection suffers from the lack of an epilogue to necktie the contributions together thematically.
What might such an epilogue await like? I was struck by the fact that many of the essays explicitly considered the question of "whether bug with multifariousness and memory are uniquely 'German'" (5). This very mode of posing the question reveals the underlying assumption that Germany's human relationship to migration is peculiar—the lingering "stereotype of xenophobic Germany" (eleven) that Konrad Jarausch mentions in the preface—and that it represents a deviation from the norm.
Just if we've learned one thing from the past two years, information technology is that no country—including the United States, often taken equally the implicitly standard "migration country" in comparative studies—can boast of a "normal" or an uncomplicatedly positive attitude to migration. The welcome contextualization in so many of these essays makes it articulate that Germans have been only every bit hostile to immigrants—merely besides just as welcoming—as many of their neighbors. Indeed, the afterword by Kolb makes it articulate that "normalization" and "Europeanization" are not synonymous with "liberalization." The 1993 brake of the ramble guarantee to asylum was an outcome of High german "Europeanization." Since 2000, policy harmonization effectually family reunification and "integration" of migrants who come from outside of Europe take tended to lead to more restrictive policies. Throughout the volume, nosotros find support for Kaya's argument that a "European identity based on the othering/foreignization and stigmatization of the Muslim and Roma minorities is not only a German language phenomenon" (75).
This is where Chin's essay points i possible way forward for migration studies: many scholars of migration and "difference" in Europe—not just those in Germany—have rejected "race" as an analytic category after National Socialism, but the disappearance of explicit references to "race" in the public sphere does not mean that beliefs about essential departure accept disappeared. Without a language of racialization, we cannot understand the Alternative für Frg election affiche featuring the pregnant belly of a white woman and the explanation "New Germans? We'll Make Them Ourselves!" We also cannot understand the way that Frontex and its partners forcefulness suspected migrants to produce documents in Northward Africa, policing Europe'due south borders at a remove of thousands of kilometers. Sustained attention to the way that assumptions about "European identity" are reproduced will assistance u.s. to understand not merely German, simply likewise European attitudes towards immigration.
Reviewed by Lauren Stokes, Northwestern University
Migration, Retention, and Diversity: Germany from 1945 to the Present
Edited by Cornelia Wilhelm
Publisher: Berghahn
Hardcover / 336 pages / 2016
ISBN: 978-1-78533-327-9
Published on October two, 2017
Source: https://www.europenowjournal.org/2017/09/30/migration-memory-and-diversity-germany-from-1945-to-the-present-edited-by-cornelia-wilhelm/
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